Catullus free essay sample

Catullus makes two sonnets, which show his huge love and love for his better half, Clodia. The substance of the sonnets is the equivalent and the subjects contain comparable thoughts of everlasting adoration. The perusers would first be able to see that these sonnets are firmly related in light of the fact that in the initial two lines of the two sonnets â€Å"Lesbia† is tended to. This shows Catullus is conversing with his sweetheart and this interfaces the two sonnets from the earliest starting point. Additionally the two sonnets have comparative principle subjects of affection and kissing. In sonnet five one would first be able to see that Catullus is expounding on the adoration he has for Lesbia when he says, â€Å"Da mi basia mille (give me a thousand kisses. (line 7)† This shows he cherishes Lesbia and needs to show that adoration in a physical manner. In sonnet seven the subject of kissing and love is demonstrated promptly when Catullus states, â€Å"Quaeris-sup erque (you solicit how my demonstrations from kissings of you are sufficient and over Lesbia. We will compose a custom exposition test on Catullus or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page )(lines 1-2)† This line is stressed by the word â€Å"basiationes(acts of kissings)† in light of the fact that this theoretical, polysyllabic thing, shaped from basium was made by Catullus and utilized uniquely here. Catullus does this to show his uncommon love for Lesbia. Accordingly one can see the topical association of Catullus demonstrating his adoration in both the sonnets. The sonnets additionally share comparable expressions and structures making another connection between the two sonnets. The two sonnets are written in a similar meter called hendecasyllabic. These sonnets written in same arrangement cause the peruser to connect them with one another. Additionally the sonnets both contain different number words. In sonnet five this can be seen when Catullus says, â€Å"Da-centum(give me a thousand kisses, at that point a hundred, at that point another thousand, at that point a subsequent hundred, at that point promptly another thousand, at that point a hundred. )(lines 7-9)† In these lines Catullus utilizes different number words to portray the measure of kisses he wishes to impart to Lesbia. These extraordinary measures of kisses cause the perusers to see the amount Catullus cherishes Lesbia and how incredible his love for Lesbia is. Likewise these lines are underscored by Catullus’s utilization of anaphora, or reiteration of the entire word. He the number words â€Å"mille† and â€Å"centum† on various occasions to show the gigantic quantities of kisses and his extraordinary love for his better half. Likewise he utilizes anaphora with the words â€Å"dein† and â€Å"deinde† to show that after one lot of kisses then there will consistently be another. This makes perusers arrive at the resolution that he never needs the kisses to stop. In sonnet seven Catullus is further communicating his incredible love for Lesbia. In this sonnet he exhibits he adores her a great deal by additionally utilizing the subject of tallying. Be that as it may, in this sonnet he looks at the measure of kissings he wishes to have with Lesbia to enormous quantities of different things. He starts by utilizing a likeness to contrast their kissings with sand saying they resembled an incredible number of sands of Libyssa laying on lasepiciferum bearing Cyrena (magnus-Lyrenis)(lines 3-4). This shows there are heaps of kisses on the grounds that there were a huge number of grains of sand. Likewise he proceeds to contrast the demonstrations of kissings with numerous stars when the night hushes up (sidera-nox)(line 7). Also, finally he shows that they kissed a great deal by saying â€Å"te-basiare(to kiss you such a significant number of kisses. )(line 9)† This shows the couple had kissed each other ordinarily and this is accentuated by polyptoton (basia amp;basiare). In these examinations Catullus utilizes various number words which makes another tie between sonnet five and seven. Additionally in the entirety of his number examinations in the two sonnets he utilizes metaphor since its unrealistic to kiss somebody that multiple occasions. Along these lines the structure and utilization of comparative sayings makes a bond between the two sonnets. Catullus composed sonnet seven out of a reaction to Lesbia’s question about sonnet five. Catullus composed the two sonnets with comparable substance, word usage and structure to set up their topical association. In the two sonnets he exhibits his huge measure of adoration and care he has for Lesbia. He does this by utilizing similar interesting expressions and topics to make the connection to the two sonnets. Accordingly Catullus associates the sonnets and shows his affection for Lesbia.

Discuss in what ways have these two technological innovations had an Essay

Examine in what ways have these two mechanical developments affected worldwide relations - Essay Example Notwithstanding its capacity to associate the distinctive IT frameworks, web additionally encourages individuals on singular level to interface with each other. Web has furnished individuals living in various nations with the most practical intends to connect with each other all the more frequently. Along these lines global relations have been advanced through web both fair and square of a typical man in the general public and the country all in all. Since the presentation of web into the general public, it has been much of the time utilized by the virtual associations to make online majority rule government. Contribution for the choices that influence the national and global political situation is recovered from the web voters. Where this has for the most part given the concerned specialists a genuinely helpful methods for hearing the open point of view on one hand, it has likewise, then again, restricted the portrayal of a huge populace that is uneducated on the utilization of web. It is essential that a greater part of the web clients everywhere throughout the world have a place with the tip top minority that speak to â€Å"a genuinely tight range of political talk comparative with nearby challenge, as opposed to seeing the development of the internet vote based system or the nascent triumph of the web in advancing common society and democracy† (Moon-Gi 58). This talks about the way that the web is yet a long way from being a setting for the equitable society that needs to share its perspectives and have an effect through the internet. The extension of the internet has customarily had a colossal effect upon the idea of political discourse among the countries when all is said in done and their financial advancement specifically. Another prime driver of the online action is the social maintainability. Digital majority rule government requires expanded portrayal of all networks of the general public. Atomic Bomb With the making of atomic bomb, the nature of war has experienced an out and out change. The world would have been a vastly different spot to live in had atomic bomb never been developed. Maybe, there would have been progressively visit breakouts of wars both inside and among the nations everywhere throughout the world. Before, accomplishment in the war on a very basic level relied on the manual quality. Individuals used to battle with bolts, blades and firearms. Atomic bomb has deterred the need to utilize any of these old weapons in the contemporary wars, yet countries will in general find different ways including exchange and compromise to settle their debates with their adversaries as opposed to beginning the war in light of the fact that there is no â€Å"winning the war† when it is an atomic war. The atomic war is similarly as hurtful for the country that is assaulted for what it's worth for the one that assaults, gave that them two are atomic forces. Since the division of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947, pressures between the two countries just fortified. The two nations have twice had a war with one another once in 1965 and the subsequent time, in 1974, when East Pakistan got isolated from its Western wing and became Bangladesh. At the hour of division, it was concluded that the urban communities with Muslim lion's share would make some portion of Pakistan. Kashmir, the Indian-held spot with a larger part of Muslims into it has expectedly

Do You Have Mild, Low-Grade Depression

Do You Have Mild, Low-Grade Depression Depression Types Print Do You Have Mild, Low-Grade Depression? By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on January 25, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Li Kim Goh / E+ / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Coping View All People with mild, low-grade depression may not even realize they are depressed. In fact, the chronic feelings of sadness and low mood they experience may have been around for so long that they feel normal.?? However, it is not normal to go through life feeling unhappy all of the time. Everyone experiences occasional bouts of low mood in response to sad or stressful life events, but constantly feeling depressed does not have to be the story of your life. Symptoms of Chronic Low-Grade Depression Chronic low-grade depression is a symptom of persistent depressive disorder (PDD), formerly known as dysthymia or dysthymic disorder.?? Dysthymia was previously listed separately from chronic major depression in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, but the disorders have since been combined as of the fifth edition, as no scientifically meaningful difference was found between them. The signs and symptoms of PDD are very similar to major depressive disorder, except that they tend to be milder and are chronic in nature.?? Symptoms of PDD include: FatigueRestlessnessSleep problemsChanges in weight or appetiteLow energy and reduced motivationSadness, tearfulness, frequent cryingFeelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, or guiltTrouble concentrating, focusing, and making decisionsNo longer enjoying things that used to bring pleasureThoughts of death or suicide Overview of Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Causes As with major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder is also believed to be a multifactorial conditionâ€"meaning they are likely caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility, biochemical imbalance, life stress, and environmental circumstances.?? In about three-quarters of patients with dysthymia, the primary cause of the disorder is not clear. But people with PDD tend to have other complicating factors, such as chronic illness, another psychiatric disorder, or  substance use issues. In these cases, it becomes very difficult to say whether the depression would exist independently of the other condition. In addition, these comorbid conditions often create a vicious cycle wherein each illness makes the other more difficult to treat.?? Diagnosis Like other forms of depression, there isnt really a blood test or brain scan that can be used to make a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder. Instead, doctors must go by the signs that they can observe, as well as any symptoms patients report to them. Doctors and mental health professionals can check to see if a patients symptoms fit into a pattern laid out by the DSM-5, a guidebook for diagnosing mental disorders such as depression.?? With dysthymic disorder, doctors will need to determine if the patients symptoms have been present for an extended period of time (a minimum of two years for adults and one year for children). In addition, they will consider whether the severity of the symptoms is less than what a patient might experience with a major depressive disorder. Doctors will also use blood and urine tests to try to rule out possible medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism, that could cause symptoms like chronic mild depression. Other factors a doctor will consider when making a diagnosis include a patients medical history, as well as whether there is a history of depression in their family. Treatment Persistent depressive disorder responds to many of the same treatments that are used to treat major depression. Antidepressant medications are generally prescribed, with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) being a popular choice.?? In addition,  psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, can often be quite helpful for people with chronic low-grade depression. Youll have to work with your mental health care provider to develop a treatment plan thats most appropriate for you. Depression Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Coping There are also several self-care treatments that can help treat chronic mild depression. Here are a few suggestions to keep in mind:?? Eat a varied and nutritious diet.Avoid alcohol and illegal drugs.Find things to do that you enjoy.Get enough sleep and ensure you have a restful sleeping environment.Aim for 30 minutes of moderately-intense exercise most days of the week, and add vigorous exercise if you are able to do so.Seek out people for friends who are positive, supportive, and show that they care about you.Be sure that you are taking your medications correctly. Tell your doctor about any supplements or herbal remedies you take. If you have been diagnosed with dysthymia, but your depression symptoms are getting worse, make sure you talk to your doctor. They will reevaluate your symptoms and adjust your treatment if necessary. The Best Online Resources for Depression

Business Strategy of Amazon A Summary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1753 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? |Bangalore Management Academy | |Business Strategy – Case Study 2 | |Amazon. Com | Submitted to: Mr. Nirmaalya. B. Biswas Dr. Amrita Saxena Submitted by: Jainie Jose BLR0906032007 Clareena Shafali Serrao BLR0906032032 Prashant Adhangle BLR0906032026 A. R. Sidhardha BLR0906032009 Contents Summary of the Amazon Case:3 Business Model:4 Strength:4 Weakness:5 Threats:5 Opportunities:5 Customer Focus:5 Means to Innovate and Enhance Customer Experience:6 Amazon. com The Wal-Mart of the Internet6 Recommendations:7 References:8 Summary of the Amazon Case: Amazon. com was founded in 1995 by Jeff Bezos, the CEO of Amazon. com. Jeff Bezos strategy was to offer its clients lowest possible prices and world leading customer experience thereby becoming the biggest bookstore and the leading global online service in the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Strategy of Amazon: A Summary" essay for you Create order They wanted to remain customer focused and innovate continuously to improve the online shopping experience whereby customers can buy anything online. Even though there was stiff competition from Barnes and Noble, had the advantage as the â€Å"first mover†. Between the year 1997 and 1999, it entered into promotional and strategic relationship with internet players like Yahoo. com, America Online, Excite and Dell Computers which reinforced Amazon. com’s position as the leading online bookseller. With growing customer expectations, Amazon. com introduced new products like Amazon. om Advantage, Amazon. fr, and Amazon. com Kids and also expanded operations in Germany and UK. During this phase it also went into acquiring a series of companies like Bookpages, Internet Movie Database, Junglee and Planetall for e-commerce; and announced strategic investments in companies like Drugstore. com, Della James, Pets. com. Most importantly Amazon launched its most successful music sto re with over 200,000 CD’s were being offered. However in April, 2000 led to heavy losses within Amazon. com resulting in cost cutting and closing of service centers in Hague, Netherlands, Seattle. However from 2001 onwards positive signs had begun to show with Amazon recording highest quarter sales over $1b in the fourth quarter. In 2002 by opening a website in Canada, it became the company’s 6th website and thus expanding its international sale as well. Amazon’s biggest achievement was to receive from the American Customer Satisfaction Index in 2002 the highest score in customer satisfaction ever recorded. Hence Amazon’s success shows its willingness to innovate, invest, acquire and form strategic alliances with other companies that offered products, technology and application for better customer experience. Business Model: A business model is an explanation of the operation of the business which comprises all the element of business, the task carried out in the business and includes the way the business generates revenues (Rayport, 2002). The business model of Amazon. com – a U. S. A based multinational e-commerce company, is well established because of the delivery of goods, services and information provided to its customers. Continuous development of operational efficiency will lead to sustainable competitive advantage of Amazon. com. This model takes title to the newly manufactured products that they sell and often rely on third party. Amazon. com requires third party source, such as Borders. com and Barnesandnoble. com, to maintain its sufficient supplies. To check whether the existing business model will work in future or not we have to do SWOT analysis. Strength: ? The company themselves developed key competencies in technology development, computer science and software. ? Variety of products available at low prices. ? Strategic alliances invest or acquire other companies that offered developed technology, applications, products or services that fitted its existing business model. High in customer satisfaction. Weakness: ? Amazon. com being in the highly volatile sector, to achieve sustainable competitive advantage it has to constantly revise its strategy and business model. ? Concentration of Amazon. com was on auctions which was a small part of their business. ? Due to issues in broadband/internet in developing countries, huge market is untapped. Threats: ? Concentration of Amazon. com was on auctions which wa s a small part of their business. ? In Amazon. com, Kindle – its e-book reader has a high value. Since Amazon builds the Kindle and sells digital books, Amazon is placing a large bet on the success of its Kindle franchise. However, Sony and IREX have released or are currently releasing competitor e-book readers. ? All high revenue generated or profit making business attracts competitors. Amazon. com would also face competition as it is difficult to differentiate the brand because it sells the product which is available on many other online sites. Opportunities: ? Market in developing countries. ? Increasing number of internet users. By analyzing the SWOT it can be concluded that the business model of Amazon. om will work in future provided that it has to adopt strategies that will give them competitive advantage. Also the attracting factor is the increasing number of internet users in developing countries will provide the new market and new customers. Also concentrating on customer intimacy rather than customer delight would be added advantage. Customer Focus: In the case it ca n be observed that since the startup till 2004, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of customers from nearly 150 countries which has lead to the expansion of their business and also expansion in their product line. From books, music all the way to a toilet brush has been made available to customers to buy with Amazon. com. With attractive low prices, huge selections and fast delivery of the products, Amazon. com has been able to successfully cater to the needs of various customers all over the globe. Also with the increase in the number of internet usage that can be seen in exhibit 8, Amazon. com still has a wide market of customers to cater to. Therefore they should continue catering to all the people has they have been successful with their existing business model. Means to Innovate and Enhance Customer Experience: ? Amazon. com has more than 76 million customers in which they can buy any item through the internet. It has introduced the selling of the items through internet and has customer accounts of only 1. 3 million and it is trying to increase this base. To increase it should make the customers aware of the selling of items through them and the price factor should also be taken care of. ? It has a loyalty program for its customers where they can join with a membership fee, on which they would be receiving discounts on express shipping i. . fast delivery of the products which they offer this only for the US, the UK, Japan and Germany. They should also make the availability of the offer in India, China and other countries. ? To improve its business it should start its e-commerce business in other parts of the world where people use internet extensively. ? Amazon. com sells its products to the customers without revealing who the vendor of the product is; whereas the other online sellers who have tie-ups with different kinds of vendors are able to provide its customers ith lower prices. Hence, Amazon. com should reveal its vendors so that it can provide the products even more at a cheaper price. Amazon. com The Wal-Mart of the Internet? There is intense competition in running an ecommerce venture and the many fierce competitors existing makes it all the more competitive for Amazon. com. Using Amazon’s stores will further help in creating internet based business and will force to have a direct competition with these competitors emerging. As Amazon. om offers the best prices for all kinds of products and also some products do not have any shipping deals, this makes them stand out from the others and they still make a profit out of it. Wal–Mart also focuses on offering the best deals to their customers, by charging low prices they bring out an added advantage to their retail business. Amazon. com has been ent irely unique with their business model as they focus not only on a particular products but a series of products which in turn adds values to their company. There are numerous reasons why the customers prefer using Amazon. com is mainly because they can get it directly and at a low price without any additional charge deducted. As usage of internet has increased all over the world, this further helps people to make their decisions faster and they also save time when compared to buying from an Amazon. com store. Also Amazon. com offers finest return policies, most excellent shipping prices and also biggest assortment of various products of any place over the whole web. Additionally those who have an account get 2 day free shipping as well as others promising deals. Products like kitchen items, clothes, computers, etc are free from shipping charges can be bought at one go. Amazon. com had engraved itself in many areas and had captured the attention of various consumers. Looking at their statistical range, they consider using the information that they have access to and come to conclusion about how prices should be charged and how to attain the low price wholesalers that exist in the market and make their business through. Since Amazon. com has entered into different areas, mainly into different markets wholly they now have the right to sell anything over the internet as they have the entire advantage over the other existing online businesses. In conclusion, we would like to say that as Amazon. com had engulfed various businesses into one whole business wherein customers can find whatever they require and shop accordingly, they have captures a very large unit on the internet in such a way that they have created barriers for other competitors to enter the market. An attractive way to expand themselves was by making their business stable and also sustaining the needs of the customers by the prices they set for their products. Recommendations: ? Being a competitive market and expenses being high, offering free shipping of books might affect the future financial position of the company. So Amazon. com should charge for shipping at a discounted rate. ? Amazon. com might also consider introducing Spanish version of their website since Hispanic Americans and the Latinos are the fastest growing ethnic group online. ? In order to have a competitive advantage and triple its sales Amazon. om might consider introducing referral programs for the its customers, wherein discount coupons would be given to those customers who bring in approximately 10 new members to their website. Also discount would be given to the new members who were newly referred in order to encourage them to start buying. References: About Amazon. com, (Jan 31st, 2010). Retrieved on 23 rd March, 2010 from: https://digitalenterprise. org/cases/amazon. html DaveChaffey: Your guide to Digital Business, (n. d. ). Retrieved on 23rd March, 2010 from: https://www. davechaffey. com/E-commerce-Internet-marketing-case-studies/Amazon

Obesity Is Defined As A Disorder - 1033 Words

Obesity is defined as a disorder resulting in excessive amount of body fat. In today’s society, obesity seen in the adolescent population has vastly increased from previous years. As a result, many health issues, such as diabetes, are now more common to see in adolescents. Due to the increasing numbers who suffer from obesity, it is important to treat and advise adolescents about healthy living and encourage them to be more active to decrease the risks of severe health issues they may face when entering adulthood. Causes of adolescent obesity vary from genetic causes to poor eating habits. Other causes include overeating, lack of physical activity, a family history of obesity, medical conditions, such as endocrine or neurological†¦show more content†¦Although these symptoms are common in obese adolescent, each person may present differently with some or all symptoms. Obesity can be diagnosed by a range of exams including BMI, a proper health history, a physical examination, measuring the waist circumference, screening for health issues, and blood tests. The BMI, or body mass index, is often measured at every well-check and recorded on a chart to see progress. A BMI at the 95th percentile or more or a BMI more than 30 indicates the need for a work-up to rule out any medical problems that may lead to obesity. A BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile or equal to 30 requires evaluation of health risks including a family history of cardiovascular disease, elevated total cholesterol, diabetes, or obesity, an elevated blood pressure, increased total cholesterol levels, large increase in BMI from year to year, issues about weight including personal concerns and perception of overweight. A detailed health history is required to record the amount of fat and sugar is consumed. Questions include the amount of sugary drinks per day, the amount of vegetable s eaten, the amount of cups of water per day, and the amount of exercise per week. A general physical examination should include

Research On Media Preferences Film Studies Essay Free Essays

Research on media penchants has paid noteworthy attending to gender differences in response to different types of movie. It has been established that assorted film genres elicit differentiated affectional responses in the two sexes. The common wisdom in media production is that work forces and adult females enjoy different types of movies, and this has been supported by genre and content categorization ( Gantz A ; Wenner, 1991 ; Tamborini, Stiff, A ; Zillmann, 1987 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Research On Media Preferences Film Studies Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Considerable attending has besides been focused on the function of personality features in modern mass communicating theory ( Blumler A ; Katz, 1974 ; Wober, 1986 ) . The former are believed to act upon media penchants, which are basically appraising opinions refering to the satisfactions consumers anticipate from their interaction with the media ( Palmgreen, 1984 ) . The Big Five model of personality is most often employed by research workers seeking to show empirical connexions between media satisfactions and their psychological roots ( Kraaykamp et al, 2005 ) . Definition of movies: Movies are the art signifier of the Twentieth century. Besides known as â€Å" films † they take facets from about every other major art signifier and unite them into 1. They are a â€Å" dramatic nuptials of the old mechanical engineering and the new electronic universe † . Movies are the first art signifier to offer â€Å" as merchandise the most charming of consumer trade goods, viz. dreams † . ( McLuhan 2001 ) Viewing audiences step into a darkly lit theatre about as if they are stepping into their ain subconscious. They stare in complete darkness at images projected onto a larger than life screen. The audiences of a movie are taken on a journey where they can lose themselves and their ain jobs in the characters on screen. The camera becomes the sailing master and wherever it â€Å" turns to, the audience accepts, [ they ] are transported to another universe † . ( McLuhan 286 ) .A Film encompasses single gesture images, the field of movie as an art signifier, and the gesture image industry. Movies are produced by entering images from the universe with cameras, or by making images utilizing life techniques or particular effects. ( McLuhan 2001 ) Movies are cultural artefacts created by specific civilizations, which reflect those civilizations, and, in bend, impact them. Film is considered to be an of import art signifier, a beginning of popular amusement and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. ( The International Film and Television School, Paris ) . Film genres Audience response surveies tend to specify genres as â€Å" reading patterns † : socio-discursive models and â€Å" skylines of outlook † brought by viewing audiences to each movie they see. In this sense, genres are societal instead than textual restraints, leting viewing audiences to modify their generic models and take part in the building of intending instead than merely â€Å" absorbing † it from the screen ( Miller and Stam, 2007 ) The term genre is used a batch around the film industry to interrupt down the type of movie into classs. It ‘s hard to put a batch of movies in a individual class. For this ground a batch of movies have multiple genres. Films normally are presented these genres ; action, escapade, comedy, play, phantasy, horror, enigma, love affair and thrillers. The different movie genres: Action Action filmA is aA movie genreA where one or more heroes is thrust into a series of challenges that require physical efforts, extendedA fightsand frantic pursuits. They on occasion have a resourcefulcharacterA fighting against unbelievable odds such as, dangerous state of affairss, an evilA scoundrel, and/or being chased in several ways ofA transportationA ( auto, coach, truck, etc. ) , with triumph achieved at the terminal after hard physical attempts and force ( Marin, Rick, The New York Times ) . Story andA character developmentA are by and large secondary toA detonations, fist battles, gunfight and auto pursuits ( Tim Dirks ) . Adventure A Unlike pure, low-budgetA action filmsA , escapade movies frequently use their action scenes sooner to expose and research alien locations in an energetic manner. Main secret plan elements include pursuits forA expeditionA and lost continents, aA jungleA and/orA desertA scenes, characters traveling on a treasureA and heroic journeys for the unknown. Adventure movies are largely set in a period background and may include altered narratives of historical or fictional escapade heroes within the historical context.A Kings, A battles, A rebellionA orA piracyA are normally seen in escapade movies ( Tim Dirks ) . Comedy Comedy filmA is a genre ofA filmA in which the chief accent is onA temper. They are designed to arouse laughter from the audience. Comedies are largely blithe play and are made to divert andA entertainA the audiences. The comedy genre humorously exaggerate state of affairss, the manner of speech production, the action and characters. The comedy genre can be considered the oldest movie genre ( and one of the most fecund and popular ) . Comedy, unlike otherA movie genres, puts much more focal point on single stars, with many formerA stand-up comicA transitioning to the movie industry due to their popularity. While many amusing movies are lighthearted narratives with no purpose other than to divert, others contain political or societal commentary. ( Tim Dirks ) Play AA play filmA is aA movie genreA that depends largely on in-depthA developmentA of realistic characters covering with emotional subjects. Dramatic subjects such asA alcohol addiction, A drug dependence, A unfaithfulness, A moral quandary, A racial bias, A spiritual intolerance, A poorness, A category divisions, A force against womenA andA corruptionA put the characters in struggle with themselves, others, A societyA and evenA natural phenomena At the centre of a play is normally a character or characters who are in struggle at a important minute in their lives. They frequently revolve around households. Dramas frequently, but non ever, haveA tragicA or at least painfulA resolutionsA and concern the endurance of some tragic crisis, like the decease of a household member, or aA divorce ( Tim Dirks ) . Fantasy Fantasy filmsA are movies withA fantasticA subjects, normally involvingA thaumaturgy, A supernaturalA events, pretend animals, or exoticA fantasy universes. TheA genreA is considered to be distinguishable fromA scientific discipline fiction filmA andA horror movie, although the genres do overlap. Fantasy movies frequently have an component of thaumaturgy, A myth, admiration, escape, and the extraordinary. In fantasy movies, the hero frequently undergoes some sort ofA mysticalA experience and must inquire for aid from powerful, superhuman forces ( Tim Dirks ) Horror Horror filmsA seek to arouse a negative emotional reaction from viewing audiences by playing on the audience ‘s most cardinal frights. They frequently feature scenes thatA startleA the spectator through the agencies ofA macabreA and theA supernatural, therefore often overlapping with theA fantasyA andA scientific discipline fictionA genres. Horrors besides often overlap with theA thrillerA genre. A Horror movies trade with the spectator ‘s incubuss, hiddenA worst frights, repugnances andA terrorA of the unknown. Although a good trade of it is about the supernatural, if some movies contain a secret plan about morbidity, A consecutive slayers, aA disease/virusA outbreak andA surrealism, they may be termed â€Å" horror † ( Tim Dirks ) . Mystery Mystery filmA is a sub-genre of the more general class ofA offense filmA and at times theA thriller genre. It focuses on the attempts of the investigator, A private investigatorA or recreational sleuth to work out the cryptic fortunes of a offense by agencies of hints, probe, and cagey tax write-off. The successful enigma movie adheres to one of two narrative types, known as Open and Closed. The Closed enigma conceals the individuality of the culprit until late in the narrative, adding an component ofA suspenseA during the apprehensiveness of theA suspect, as the audience is ne’er rather certain who it is. The Open enigma, in contrast, reveals the individuality of the culprit at the top of the narrative, showcasing the â€Å" perfect offense † which the audience so watches theA protagonistA unravel, normally at the very terminal of the narrative, kindred to the unveiling scenes in the Closed manner. Suspense is frequently maintained as an importantA plotA component. Thi s can be done through the usage of theA soundtrack, A cameraA angles, heavy shadows, and surprisingA secret plan turns ( Wikipedia.com ) . Love affair Love affair filmsA are love narratives that focus onA passion, A emotion, and the fond engagement of the chief characters and the journey that their love takes through wooing orA matrimony. Romance movies make the love narrative or the hunt for love the chief secret plan focal point. Occasionally, lovers face obstructions such as fundss, physicalA unwellness, assorted signifiers ofA favoritism, psychological restraints or household that threaten to interrupt their brotherhood of love. As in all romantic relationships, tensenesss of daily life, A temptationsA ( ofA unfaithfulness ) , and differences in compatibility enter into the secret plans of romantic movies. Romantic movies frequently explore the indispensable subjects ofA love at first sight, immature with older love, unanswered love, obsessional love, sentimental love, A religious love, out love, sexual and passionate love, sacrificial love explosive and destructive love, andA tragic love. Romantic movies serve as great flights and phantasies for viewing audiences, particularly if the two people eventually overcome their troubles, declare their love, and see life â€Å" merrily of all time after † , implied by a reunion and concluding buss. ( Tim Dirks ) . Thrillers ThrillersA are aA genreA of literature, movie, and telecasting scheduling that usessuspense, tenseness, andA excitementA as the chief elements. Thrillers to a great extent stimulate the viewer’sA moodsA such as a high degree ofA expectancy, ultra-heightened outlook, A uncertainness, A anxiousness, suspense, A exhilaration, tenseness, andA terror.A Literary devicesA such asA ruddy herringsA andA cliffhangersA are used extensively. TheA cover-upA of of import information from the spectator, andA fightA andchaseA scenes are common methods in all of the thriller subgenres, although each subgenre has its ain features and methods. ( The City of Olivia ) . How to cite Research On Media Preferences Film Studies Essay, Essay examples

Impressionism In France Essay Example For Students

Impressionism In France Essay Impressionism In France Towards the later half of the nineteenth century, many artists were pursuing new avenues in their artistic representations. They were perturbed at the rigid and constricting regulations of the Salon, and some artists decided to form and independent exhibition. Cluade Monet and his friends founded the SociÃÆ'Â ©tÃÆ'Â © anonyme de artistes, etc. . . and continued to pursue an alternative to the Salon. On April 15th, 1874 this group of artists held their own show that directly challenged the authority of the Salon. Eventually, Monet and his colleagues became known as the Impressionists which stems from one of his works that was displayed at the first show, Impression, Sunrise. This painting was hardly recognized at the primier exhibition, but has since become a very significant work. Monet had just returned to Paris after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, and he felt that the country was in desperate need of a resurgence of nationalism. His painting, Impression, Sunrise, is a landscape of the avant-port of Le Havre which was the second largest port in France. The depiction of a richly commercial location can be interpreted as patriotic ode to a revitalized France. It shows a site that all Frenchmen would have been proud of and seems to celebrate the renewed strength and beauty of the country. . . Tucker 157. This canvas testifies to the citys economic and commercial prowess throu gh innovative techniques that possess a sense of renewal. These new methods of rendering an image became the backbone for a new art movement, Impressionism. In conclusion, Claude Monet and his comrades were pioneers in the field of art. Their antagonistic views of the traditional Salon led to new ground-breaking techniques for representing an image on a canvas. Their paintings at the first Impressionist Exhibition of 1784 contained sketchy renderings and an unfinished feel which left some critics looking for more. In contrast, a number of critics praised the Impressionists for their bold triumph of a new art that embodied the rejuvenated land of France. A new art movement for a new France that began with the painting Impression, Sunrise.

A Brief Look Into The Life of Donald Trump

A Brief Look Into The Life of Donald Trump Regardless of what your political opinion of Donald Trump is, you can’t deny that he has been a very influential figure, in the world of politics. Arguably the most polarizing presidential candidate in history, he’s managed to take that, and use it to propel himself into the Oval Office. The question that everyone keeps asking is how did he do it? How did he get to where he is today? While we can speculate on whether his success was predetermined or earned, one thing we cannot speculate on are the facts.That being said, take a look at the infographic below, detailing a brief history on the life of Donald Trump. Perhaps you’ll be able to identify any patterns or trends that would foreshadow his success, and journey to the Oval Office.  Source:[BusinessInsider]

Essay on Flight into EgyptEssay Writing Service

Essay on Flight into EgyptEssay Writing Service Essay on Flight into Egypt Essay on Flight into Egypt  Ã¢â‚¬ËœFlight into Egypt’ is one of the most remarkable prints by the Dutch Golden Age painter and printmaker Hendrick Goudt. Hendrick Goudt was one of the greatest printmakers of   the 17th century. Most of his works were strongly influenced by the German artist Adam Elsheimer. From the entire Goudt’s oeuvre, it is important that Goudt’s seven engravings are the reproductions and transcriptions of the Adam Elsheirmer’s paintings, therefore Goudt’s seven engravings did represent Elsheirmer’s fame and his reputation to a great extent. They two met in Rome and later became friends, â€Å"Adam Elsheirmer’s   working life in the city was bound up with that of Hendrick Goudt, a problematic and somewhat mysterious figure who seems to have been both his patron and his pupil, etc.† (The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art). Goudt had lived with Elsheirmer for several years and engraved his se veral paintings thus he was able to support his family. Goudt allegedly lost patience because of Elsheirmer’s slow and meticulous work, as a result he was sent to a debtor’s prison, which had serious affect upon his health.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœFlight into Egypt’ is an engraving and etching that was a reproduction of Elsheirmer’s painting. In both artists’ ‘Flight into Egypt’ the size and the representation of the subject matter are the same. The depiction of the biblical event ‘Flight into Egypt†, when Joseph, Mary and Jesus try to escape from the persecution by the Herod the Great. The nocturnal’s setting is revealed via depiction of landscape in the background and the elements of this biblical event. The drama of this scene is vivid because of its unique naturalistic depiction of the light and its detailed contrast between light and darkness.In the first scene of Elsheirmer’s depiction, we see the three main figures J oseph, Mary and Jesus, who are in the centre of the painting. Joseph is walking and holding the torch in his left hand and it illuminates Mary, holding the baby Jesus and riding on a donkey. In the background of the painting, the left side is the depiction of two figures and a few animals, surrounding the camp fire and on the right side the depiction of the moon, reflected in the river. The darkness of the painting presents the naturalistic landscape scene to the viewer and rather realistic depiction of the sky and the light. The darkness tone creates a calm and peaceful environment, but at the same time also evoking an opposite feeling of the mysterious unknown fear in the darkness, related to their escape. The whole painting is significantly using the scientific way to portray the sky and light, application of the contrast between light and darkness with the aim to presented its mysteries subject matter of this moment of the holy family’s escape.Both artworks are in small sizes, namely 36.2 x 41.3 cm. Irrespective of their small sizes, the both artworks are still showing the incredible details of the figures and the sky, by presenting a realistic nocturnal scene to the viewers. Especially with Goudt’s print, we see the use of juxtaposition lines to portray the dark night sky; each line is clearly shown side by side in order. Comparing two works, we could state that the usage of colors in both artworks is different. In Elsheimer’s painting, taking into consideration the depiction of the darkness nocturnal scene, the sky’s color, slowly changing from the moon, through dark to light, it is evident   that Elsheimer is using different tones of blue color with the aim to create a dramatic, but realistic view of the sky. Secondly, the distinctive contrast between the sky and the forest are able to present the atmosphere perspective to the viewers, and give the viewer a sense of distance between the holy family, the forest and the nigh t sky. The two artworks are revealing the   unbelievable skill of both artists to depict each detail of this scene. In Elsheimer’s painting, the realistic depiction of the scene, by using the different variations of color, is a great evidence of his profound skill. In contrast to the Goudt’s print, we are see the detailed depiction of the fabric on the holy family’s clothes, as well as the plants and the trees in the setting. In the Elsheimer’s painting, the viewers are not able to see the detailed depiction through its lines or texture of the subject. However the great talent and the skill of the painter are presented with the help of perfect application of color variations, contributing to creation of an absolutely realistic scene, specially, if we pay attention to the Gout’s depiction of the night sky, which is clearly shown through the details of the engraved lines. On the lighter part, we are able to see the lines, depicted closely and clear ly; on the darker part the engraved lines are layering on the top of each other. In Goudt’s print, the depiction of the clouds is stronger and more vivid in comparison to Elsheimer’s painting; the depiction of clouds in various tones and shapes, surrounded by the moon and its reflection in the river, help the viewers to imerge into the atmosphere of the scene of the night escape of the holy family.  Ã‚  The composition of the two artworks is practically the same, but the Goudt’s print could be considered a kind of total inversion of the Elsheimer’s painting; therefore it might be the Goudt’s use of the printmaking. First of all it is possible to trace the subject matter and scences from Elsheimer’s painting in those by Goudt; secondly, he used engraving and etching techniques, first putting ink on the plate and then putting the copper plate on paper. The inversion of the two artworks could be explained via presentation of different stages of etching. The final argument is that there is Goudt’s calligraphic of Latin inscription in the bottom of the Goudt’s print, reflecting the dramatic nocturnal through its chiaroscuro of the image.

The History of Midwifery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The History of Midwifery - Essay Example This view has been part of the midwife profession since ancient times (Brucker, 2000) and is one of the most important differences between the roles of doctor and midwife. Another equally important difference is that midwives provide emotional support to mothers, as well as assistance during the birthing process. The word midwife has its roots in old English, and literally means "with woman" (Brucker, 2000), referring to a woman who works with women in labor. The very name of the profession implies that when the term was first used, the role of a midwife was to provide support, rather than intervention. Midwifery is one of the few medical professions that are traditionally dominated by women. It is also one of the oldest known medical professions. The practice of midwifery is clearly referred to in the Bible (Brucker, 2000) and in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, and it is known to have been part of early Greek and Roman society. Certain qualifications for the role of midwife began to evolve during this time - for example, midwives in Greece were required to have given birth themselves before they could begin working with other women. Several cultures still have this requirement for their midwives up until the present day. Midwives are even part of the legends of some ancient cultures. ... Other Athenian doctors became jealous of her success, and thinking she was a man, accused her of corrupting her patients. After revealing her identity as a woman, Agnodice was charged with practicing medicine. The charge was dismissed after many of her female patients protested; stating that without Agnodice's care, many of them might have died. According to the legend, this incident precipitated the overturning of the law against females practicing medicine, however afterwards they were only allowed to have female patients. The Roman physician Soranus of Ephesus practiced medicine during the first and second centuries AD. He wrote over 20 medical books, the most significant of these being Gynecology (Randall, 1997), a highly detailed text about human reproduction. Among other things, the characteristics and roles of midwives were outlined in this text, as well as descriptions of childbirth and instructions for the care of newborns. According to Soranus, a good midwife was "literate, with her wits about her, possessed of a good memoryunafraid in danger andfree from superstition" (Randall, 1997, p6). Midwives were involved in most aspects of pregnancy and birth, from examination of women to determine whether they were pregnant and care of women during pregnancy, to the actual birth itself and care of the mother and child afterwards. Throughout this period and later during the Middle Ages, the skills and knowledge of midwives was passed down through the generations using the apprentice system (Stock-Morton, 1996, p61), where new midwives were trained by being apprenticed to practicing ones. New midwives learned by watching experienced midwives work with women

Advertising and Guerilla Advertising Effectiveness and Comparison Literature review

Advertising and Guerilla Advertising Effectiveness and Comparison - Literature review Example In the process, there are complicated underlying theoretical constructs which play a part in the persuasive process. The message is partially dependent upon graphic design, and psychoanalytic theory is also important. Psychoanalytic theory can help explain persuasion, because it explains how the human psyche decodes and deconstructs ads. Moreover, meaning is ascribed, according to the person’s experiences and identity. Critiques of commercial art verses fine art is also relevant in this analysis, because much of advertising can really be considered to be art. However, as this paper will argue, commercial art is more relevant to society than fine art, because commercial art is more easily interpreted and decoded by society at large.Further, John Hegarty’s ideas will be fleshed out, and applied to the concepts of guerrilla marketing. The basics of advertising persuasion Advertising persuasion happens in many different ways.The use of semiotics is one persuasive devise. Se miotics consists of two parts – one is the symbol, or the signifier; the other is the connotation for the sign. So, for the Nike â€Å"swoosh† symbol, the actual â€Å"swoosh† is the signifier. The connotation is the connection that one makes when seeing the symbol, that connotation being all that Nike represents to the individual person – athleticism, celebrity spokespeople, perhaps sweatshops. Semiotics is basically a "system of signs, and can be verbal, visual, or a combination of the two. The study of semiotics would indicate that the meaning of advertisements is not found within the ad, but its meaning depends on how it operates, how signs and its ideological effect are organized internally (within the text) and externally (in relation to its production, circulation and consumption and in relation to technological, economic, legal and social relations)." (Dyer, 1982, p. 115). The audience are active participants in the decoding of the signs, bring ex perience and social background to the act of semiotic decoding. Returning to the Nike â€Å"swoosh,† how an individual interprets the sign might depend upon the background of the individual. One individual, who has Nike shoes, and love them, will decode the sign differently from somebody who has Nike shoes, and hates them. Another individual, who remembers the sweatshop scandal from years ago, might see the swoosh as a symbol of oppression. Etc. Semiotics are crucial to advertising, because this is the way that one company may differentiate itself from another company. Semiotics has not always been the vehicle for persuasion, however, as, during the 19th Century, advertising relied more upon words than semiotics. Earnest Elmos Calkins, founder of Calkins & Holden advertising agency, in New York City, changed the emphasis from words to semiotics. Calkins used modern art techniques in advertising, such as cubism and futurism, while using graphics designers and magazine illustra tors to design his ads. He was the first to understand that advertisements demand dynamic new designs, and was the first to let the designs themselves do the persuading, without the use of copy (Heller, 2001). Thus, graphic designers produce the semiotics which are used persuasively in advertising. These semiotics allow the advertisement to communicate to the audience, without using a single word. Advertising is very important to society, because of its persuasiveness, which helps goods be distributed smoothly. It is also important because it can convey messages about social issues, while persuading society about the importance of these issues (Heller, 2001). The symbol itself is just one aspect of semiotics, as

Stigmatization A Mental Health Clinical Case Analysis Nursing Essay

Stigmatization A Mental Health Clinical Case Analysis Nursing Essay During my mental health clinical rotation at Karwan-e-hayat, I encountered a 45 year old female patient with the diagnosis of Obsessive compulsive disorder and depression in her rehabilitative phase. She gave Rs 50/- to the nursing assistant to bring nimco for her which costed Rs 25/-. The nursing assistant returned with the nimco but did not returned the rest Rs 25/- to the patient by saying that no money was left. When the patient reported the incident to the nurse, the nurse did not pay any attention to the patient. In the beginning the nurse said that she dont have time to talk about it followed by the statements such as Unlike you, I have too much work to do and then when the patient went to another nurse, she ignored the patient also by saying that The nursing assistant would not have been lying. Patients like you come and go from here every day saying these kinds of things. Go and do your work. The patient went away quietly looking down. Later she verbalized Nobody takes us se riously as we are mentally ill patients. So we cant do anything. Furthermore she said Does being mentally ill means we are not humans? Stigma is a Greek word meaning mark, and is derived from the verb stizein to tattoo, to prick, to puncture. Stigma is usually a mark of disgrace or infamy, which leads to action: discrimination against the stigmatised person (Arboleda-Fl ´orez Sartorius, 2008, P.69). stigma occurs when leading social group diminishes the qualities of a less influential group. Stigma in health care is a very common entity for many groups of the community. One of which is psychiatric patients. People identified as having mental health problems are one of the most marginalised groups in society (Martin, 2009, p.6) The above mentioned case is an example of such cases whereby a mentally ill patient was stigmatized in the hospital settings by the health care professional. Many patients and surveys have highlighted this sheer reality that health care professionals themselves display stigmatizing behaviors and practices (Hinshaw, 2007). Moreover, they depict dehumanizing behavior and lowered expectation towards mentally ill. In this case scenario, the health care professional directly passed on stigmatizing comments to the client. According to Hinshaw, (2007), the health care providers sometimes use frequent comments which are hurtful jokes for the clients. They often use judgmental terms for the patients with one another in the presence of the patient, as though the patients were not even present there. This behavior from the side of the health care provider makes the patient doubt their own self, leading towards self-stigmatization (Hinshaw, 2007). This self-stigmatization in turn makes the patie nts doubt their own self-esteem, lowering their own self-image (Hinshaw, 2007; Link, Struening, Todd, Asmussen, Phelan, 2001). One of the accounts presented by Hinshaw in 2007 clearly states that a kid has internalized the belief that his grandmother punishes him because of his misbehavior as a child and self-blaming himself for the adult psychiatric episodes which he was having. In this way, public stigma makes the patients think that there is something wrong with them and they dont deserve to exist in this world. Many mentally ill people want to get settled in the society but are unable to do so because the world stigmatizes them, the health care professionals stigmatize them and then they doubt their own credibility ending up in self-stigmatizing their own selves. According to former U.S. surgeon David satchers report on mental illness of 1999, he clearly concluded that stigma leads to low self-esteem, isolation, and hopelessnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, it deprives people of their digni ty and interferes with their full participation in society. (Satcher, 1999) That clearly highlights the effected abilities of the individual on the grounds of mental illness. According to the writer, self-stigma is inevitable. This highlighted effect of self-stigma is clearly evident in the case scenario presented above by the action of the patient herself, which she has looked down and moved away. This lowered self-esteem in turn brings out hopelessness in the clients (Link, Struening, Todd, Asmussen, Phelan, 2001). Like the client in the given case scenario says that nobody takes us seriously. We cant do anything. That clearly identifies the notion of hopelessness that the patient has no hopes from life and has accepted clear defeat because of the stigma associated with mental illness. The next question is how does stigma affects the rehabilitation of the mentally ill patients. How does it affect the coping skills of the mentally ill patients? What are the coping mechanisms of the mentally ill patients which they use in stigma? What are the coping mechanisms of the patients with neurosis who are well aware of the reality and understand this notion of stigma, as opposed to the psychosis patients. According to literature, many a times, the stigma posed is due to many of the bizarre symptoms caused by psychosis and the patients with neuroses also have to take it as they all fall under the category of mental illness for the laymen regardless of psychosis and neurosis (Hinshaw, 2007). According to the ethical principle E of the American psychiatric association, the patients have the right of dignity and respect regardless of any differences; that implies to both psychosis and neurosis (Lowman, 2005). The psychotic patient as mentioned earlier is away from the reality co ntent but they surely understand that they are being treated wrongly. (Levine Levine, 2009) They are not able to think rationally but surely they are human beings and are witnessing what is going on with them. Many a times we witness that they cry over small things which are going wrong with them. They are witnessing the behavior of the health care provider but are unable to interrelate it to their past experience. Regardless of the psychosis, it is wrong to treat them any bad so how bad can it be for the neurosis client whose reality content is intact and who can rationalize everything that is going on with them and who can interrelate these aspects with their past and then can feel the shame (Hinshaw, 2007). The patient in the above mentioned case scenario would be forced to think if something is wrong with her resulting in feelings of shame and guilt. This guilt in turn takes the patient in the situation of self-stigmatization which leads on to hopelessness which clearly affects the coping mechanism of the individual since if the person would be hopeless towards his illness, the reconstitution would be delayed (Hinshaw, 2007). Stigmatization affects the personal response of the patient which is a vital part of process of coping. The personal responses are individualized and can change over time. Many a times, the strategy which patients use to avoid stigma and to preserve their self-esteem is secrecy, which preserves their self-esteem but isolates the individual from social support (Satcher, 1999; Hinshaw, 2007). stigma has an important part in determining public health consequences by revealing stigmatized individuals to health-harmful conditions, by aggregating stress, declining coping, and by putting a barrior to receiving health care (Link Phelan, 2006). According to Corrigan and Watson (2002) as cited in hinsaw, 2007 there are many new reasons emerging to justify the reason for some individuals to respond with anger whereas some to nerely ignore the stigma and move on with their lives whilst some internalize the negative message while hurting their self-image. If stigma-related threat is believed to be of greater magnitude than ones coping responses, several types of voluntary and involuntary reactions can come about, like lowered self-esteem, reduced achievement, and compromised physical health. (Hinshaw, 2007) Several questions arise Looking upon the behavior of the health care professional such as is the attitude of the nurse justifiable? Would she have had the same stigmatized responsein the case of another pfysically ill patient? If she would have then she is not following the ethical principle E of the American psychological association of respect of peoples right and dignity. This principle clearly states that the regardless of the awareness of the disability, the health care provider has to maintain the respect of the patient. For the violation of this ethical principle, who is responsible? The nurse or the society to see all the mentally ill patients on a single wavelength and stigmatize them. Who is accountable for it? The nurse or the hospital settings or either the society to be accountable for such stigmatization? Would the same behavior have happened in the western settings? If the patient would have sued the in the court, whose statements would be more valued and listened to t he nurses or the mentally ill clients who is savaged and stigmatized in the community by the names of irrational and unthinkable. Many accounts of the depressed patients state the fact that they are not been taken seriously while giving some statements because of the stigma associated whereas if some other person of pathological chronic condition gives the same statement, it is taken seriously (Shaw, 1998). In the settings of the above mentioned case scenario, would anyone have had listened to her that her rights are being violated or would this all be given the name of mental illness and let go of? One more side of stigmatization comes when we tease normal people by the names of the stigmatized people to embarrass them. In everyday life, language patterns indicates an anxiety with mental disorder across all age groups with a host of terms related to mental illness used to scapegoat and humiliate those who violate social norms. They are associated with mentally ill and words like psycho and wacho are used to compare people who go against social norms in the western community (Hinshaw, 2007). Whereas, no literature is to be found for the usage of such words due to the lack of researches in this field. Usage of variants of such terms at young ages signals the pervasiveness of the criticism of persons with mental disorders. Indeed, judgmental tags of retard or crazy are among the first terms used by children who havent even started their schoolings yet to relegate socially rejected friends in the west. (Hinshaw, 2007) Media also plays important role in stigmatizing the mentally ill . Media differs in east and west which directly effects pattern of stigmatizing. People with psychotic-level disorders, as well as milder disturbances, were portrayed as ignorant, dangerous, dirty, unkind, and unpredictable. (Hinshaw, 2007, p.118) The model which could best be incorporated in this is Link and Phelans model of stigma. In this model stigma is processed by many different components. First one is on distinguishing and labeling differences(Link Phelan, 2001). Most of the differences are usually ignored but sometimes they are not overlooked at and thus labeled. In my clinical case scenario, the patient was labeled as mentally ill having no work to do. The second component is on associating human differences with negative attributes(Link Phelan, 2001). This occurs when the labeled differences are linked to stereotypes and so my patients mental illness was stereotyped as workless people. The third component is of on separating us from them which brings the notion of stigmatization(Link Phelan, 2001). In the above mentioned case scenario also, the patient was referred to as out group as evidenced by the statement patients like you come and go each day but we have work to do, clearly defining the notion of us versus them. The last component is status loss and discrimination(Link Phelan, 2001). In the status loss, patient is connected to undesirable characteristics that reduce his or her status in the eyes of the stigmatizer. In this case, the undesirable characteristic was that mentally ill patients are laid off and redundant where as we are working people so we are higher than them and in this way stigmatized people are put down at the bottom of the hierarchy. Keeping in view the principles of American psychiatric association, the strategies which I would like to pose in this context is the nurse should look in the matter and confirmed the case with the nursing assistant as well as to the shop from which the nursing assistant got the nimco from. Moreover, nursing assistants should be taught all the rights of the patients so that being a health care provider; they would follow all the ethical principles. On an institutional level, a system should be made in which patients can have some responsible person to take care of these things instead of asking anyone they can get their hands on to. To conclude, not much research has been done on this issue of mental health and proper awareness does not exist in this society. More researches needs to be done to address this issue as stigma in mental health persists all around the world. Strategies needed to be thought about to remove this factor of stigma. More education sessions about this needs to be done on the clinical side to make the nurses and other health care providers aware of what the rights of the patients are and a check and balance system should be there to acknowledge either those rights have been followed and fulfilled or not. (word count: 2201 words) References Arboleda-Fl ´orez, J., Sartorius, N. (Eds.). (2008). Understanding the Stigma of Mental Illness: Theory and Interventions. New Delhi, India: Aptara. Hinshaw, S. P. (2007). The Mark of Shame. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. Husted, J. H., Husted, L. G. (2008). Ethical Decision Making in Nursing and Health Care (4th ed.). New York, USA: springer publishing company. Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Todd, S. N., Asmussen, S., Phelan, J. C. (2001). Stigma as a barrier to recovery-The consequences of Stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1621-1626. Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C. (2006). Stigma and its public health implications. Lancet, 367, 528-529 Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Reviews, 27, 363-85. Levine, J., Levine, L.S. (2009). Schizophrenia for dummies. Canada: Wiley Publisher. Lowman, R. L. (2005). Respect for Peoples Rights and Dignity. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, 11(1), 71 77. Martin, N. (2009). From Discrimination to Social Inclusion. Australia: Queensland Alliance. Shaw, F. (1998). Mistaken identity. Lancet, 352, 1051. Satcher, D. (1999). Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Department of health and human services.

Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets: Reaction Paper

Reaction Paper to Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets The podcast of Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets: Meet the Experts titled Teaching Reading demonstrated the importance of teaching children to read right the first time. According to Hunter (2008) reading is the first civil right because without being able to read well and strategically, one is unable to access his or her other civil rights and that teaching children to read is a schools first mission. Children need to be reading at grade level or above before completing the third grade (Hunter, 2008). I agree with Hunter’s statement that good is not good enough when we can do better. Teaching children to read is one area where we cannot afford to settle for good, we must strive for best. Reading is a fundamental skill that is necessary for all future learning. Hunter (2008) discussed the need to use the research and not teach with the method that he or she feels is the right thing. Teachers need to be able to read and evaluate research to find what will be of value and has creditable in classroom instruction. Teachers must be committed to being a lifelong learner. Learning must then be incorporated into the classroom teaching practices. Stanovich & Stanovich (2003) contend that â€Å"scientific research about what works does not usually find its way into most classrooms. † Teachers must be committed to making proven methods a part of their daily instruction techniques. According to Hunter (2008) the best schools use the proven research methods in their classroom. Taylor (2002) referenced the following characteristics of teachers who are effective in teaching children to read: Maintaining instructional balance, spark higher-level thinking by discussing what was read, teach how to transfer skills and strategies to independent reading, coaching as children are reading and writing, foster a sense of responsibility in children for their own learning, provide motivating instruction with many opportunities for reading and writing, teachers have high expectations that their pupils can do well, manage their classroom, foster strong parent relationships. If one agrees with Hunter that our children deserve the best in reading education, then one must develop the best characteristics in ones teaching style. Just as it is best to teach reading right the first time, it is best to start out on the right path using proven methods than to try to correct latter. References Hunter Phyllis, (2008). Phyllis Hunter (Teaching Reading). Reading Rockets present Meet the Experts. Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www. readingrockets. org/podcasts/experts Taylor, B. M. (2002). Characteristics of teachers that are effective in teaching all children to read. National Education Association. Retrieved September 2, 2008. Stanovich, P. J. , & Stanovich, K. E. (2003). Using Research and Reason in Education. National Institute for Literacy. Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www. nifl. gov/partnershipforreading/

life-changing influence

There are two people who have had a significant influence in my life like. These are my father and my best friend, Timothy. I consider both of them to be my heroes because they helped me to become more enthusiastic about my studies. They also taught me how to live without being fearful especially being fearful of failing. Particularly during my elementary and junior high school years I was not particularly motivated to excel nor attempted to perform as well as the other students in my classes. This began to change, however, when I met Timothy, my very good friend, during my very first year in high school. He is person who has had an alarming impact on my life and influenced me to change my negative attitude. I now refer to him as my soul mate. In a number of ways Timothy has helped me to adopt a more positive attitude towards my school work and life in general. Timothy encouraged me to study hard and helped me believe that I could perform as well as or even better than the students who were usually at the top in my class. Prior to meeting Timothy I did not see the value of studying or revising work covered in class. When I was faced with tests I depended solely on my small recollection of what transpired in class and this prevented me from succeeding or excelling. Timothy taught me to study on a continuous basis not only as it approached exams. He helped me to prepare more effectively for exams by teaching me to study bit by bit prior to the exam rather than just a night or two before. He showed me that by re-reading the material which had been explained in class it would be easier for me to recall information whenever I had a test. Timothy even encouraged me to challenge him on our various tests. Most importantly I remember him saying to me â€Å"never give up, before you try first† so I took on the challenge to aim for the skies. As a result of his influence and encouragement and my heeding his advice, my relative rank in the class improved and so did my interactions with my classmates and friends. My friends started inviting me to study with them as a team. They began to see me as a diligent and clever student and I was accepted into their clique. Finally I began to feel as if I belonged. Even though Timothy and I are now pursuing different educational goals (he chose electrical engineering while I choose business) after having graduated from high school, I will never forget the considerable influence he had in transforming my life. Besides Timothy, my father has also had a significant influence on my life extends. Prior to knowing Timothy I was not goal-oriented and had little prospects for my future. When I began to see that I could actually be successful I also began to think about a future occupation. My father has been instrumental in helping me to decide on a career. Currently I have chosen to pursue Business administration as my major with a particular interest in entrepreneurship and finance because of the exposure I got to these fields by my father. My father, working in business himself, allowed me to accompany him on several occasions on business trips and I even attended several business conferences and negotiations with him. The perspective and knowledge I gained from these sessions have encouraged me to choose this same field to pursue as my career goal. Additionally the financial aspect of business administration has particular appeal to me. I had often heard my father discussing Indonesian stocks, such as Telkom, Indosat as well as American stocks, such as Dow Jones. The Stock Exchange is, I believe, a lucrative avenue through which companies can maintain their business and even bring in profits. In choosing business administration as my major I hope to learn to essentials of managing a business. What I look forward to most is developing my communication skills so that I could become an effective and efficient businessman. Since I plan to operate my own business I hope to learn essential business communication skills such as how to communicate effectively and respectfully in both in written and spoken forms, how to motivate others particularly employees, how to foster good interpersonal relations, how to use various communication tools to assist in carrying out the functions of my future enterprise, the skills of making presentations among other skills that are essential to the proper administration of any business venture. Besides my father and my personal business interests, my cousin has also inspired and my interest in the business field. Some time ago he delivered an address at an Indonesian University. The title of his presentation was â€Å"Simulation Stock Competition.† Listening to his speech encouraged me to enter a university competition that was open for students to invest in the Stock Market. Of course even though the competition was in the form of a simulation and we were not investing with actual money, my interest in the Stock Market was peeked. For the two months I was involved in this program I became exceedingly excited about the strategy of business investment. Overall both my father and Timothy have motivated me to aspire for greater things. Indeed they both encouraged me to be confident in my own abilities rather than being dependent on my friends. I began to believe that, like my friends who were performing well, I too could become successful and make a significant mark in society. I am, therefore, fortunate to have had a friend and a father to encourage me to change my perspective and to help me get rid of certain negative attitudes and attributes that were very unprogressive. My vision for my life has now broadened from having absolutely no interest in my future, to being excited about a particular career option and working on fulfilling my goal of becoming a businessman. Barring such influence I may have still been stuck in the rut of mediocrity.   

Case Analysis Enbridge Inc. - 1401 Words

Enbridge Inc. is a Canadian energy company intending to build two opposite flowing parallel pipelines, transporting crude oil westbound from the rich Athabasca tar sands, and natural gas condensate eastbound from the coast of British Columbia. The purpose of transporting bitumen to the west coast is in order to have an outlet to the Pacific Ocean and subsequently export to the growing Asian oil markets via oil tankers. Alberta’s tar sands are estimated to have 166 billion barrels of proven reserves as of 2014, and production capacity has reached 2.3 million barrels per day (Government of Alberta, 2014). The â€Å"gateway† to the subsequent Asian markets will thus lead to the intensification of oil extraction to a projected 6.2 million barrels†¦show more content†¦The project is high risk, high reward for all the stakeholders involved, which is why Enbridge is being held to such a high standard of safety and security, with the National Energy Board approving the project under 209 conditions. Costs of constructing the pipeline are estimated to range from $5.5 to $7.5 Billion. Figure 1- Proposed route of Northern Gateway Pipeline in relation to the Alberta tar sands and the Douglas Channel. Alberta’s tar sands are considered one of the largest crude oil deposits in the world, and remain largely untapped. Out of all Canada’s current oil exports, 99% of it goes to the United States (Government of Canada, 2015). This high dependence leaves the Canadian oil industry susceptible to the (lack of) demand in American markets. The necessity for the emergence of new oil markets is an imperative concern for Canada, considering the proposed Keystone XL pipeline faces substantial opposition in the U.S that threatens their reliance on the Canadian oil sands. Investment in the project is mostly from foreign entities, as Enbridge makes up less than half of the partnership. Major investments are coming from Asia’s largest refinery company Sinopec Corp, China’s National Offshore Oil Co. that bought out Calgary’s Nexen for a reported $15.1 billion in 2013, and PetroChina, which have a large stake in the new oil sands

Defining Moments in American History Essay - 1900 Words

American history has had many defining moments over the last five decades which has helped America to develop to the way it is today. Each decade holding many life changing events and discoveries in them it would take a long time to cover each and every one of these so I have chosen a major event that I find to be of great worth to Americans today. We can all learn from the past events and work together to make American a safer and better place to live, and one way to do so is by learning from the past. Starting in the 1950’s we will discuss the most life changing and breath taking moments from each decade that this great county has seen through the 90’s and discover why they are all of significant value to the America we all live in†¦show more content†¦Although African Americans continued to fight for equal rights into the 1960’s and in some parts of America are still fighting today. This movement was sparked in the 1950’s and stands as the most significant event of that time. The 1960’s with the Vietnam War Moving from the 1950’s to the 1960’s events changed from having problems at home to once again having problems abroad. I found the Vietnam War to be the most significant event of the 1960’s because it consumed upward to half the decade and even into the 1970’s. The Vietnam War stands as the United States longest military conflict in History. According to a website dedicated to the Vietnam War, â€Å"The hostilities in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia claimed the lives of more than 58,000 Americans. Another 304,000 were wounded.† (The Ultimate Resource for the Vietnam War. 2007). This war had a great impact on many Americans especially for the ones who fought in this war. I have an uncle that fought in the Vietnam War. He was one of the unfortunate soldiers in the jungles that got sprayed with Agent Orange. He has major disabilities and has not been able to work for many years. 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Risk Management And Its Interaction With The Project...

While the methodology stream seems direct, the procedure itself is iterative and not so much sequential. The danger-arranging venture, for instance, is constant all through the undertaking life cycle, as is the requirement for risk correspondence and documentation. The process exhibits that certain steps for the most part go before others; on the other hand, as the undertaking returns, the survey methods don t essentially advance in the same way (Carter). While discussing the risk management and its interaction with the project lifecycle, it is necessary to single out several aspects which are of great importance. The first one is risk planning. The risk planning methodology ought to start as right on time in the undertaking life cycle as†¦show more content†¦The group ought to additionally build what assets, both human and material, would be needed for fruitful danger administration on the venture. Further, a beginning reporting structure and documentation organization ought to likewise be secured for the task. The second aspect is the risk assessment, which incorporates the general procedures of risk ID and examination. The risk assessment procedure distinguishes, investigates, and measures potential program and undertaking risks as far as likelihood and outcomes. Hazard examination is a specialized and deliberate process that is intended to look at risks, recognize suspicions in regards to those risks, distinguish potential reasons for those risks, and focus any connections to other recognized risks, and additionally expressing the general risk calculate as far as the likelihood and outcome, if the risk ought to happen. Risk distinguishing proof and investigation are performed successively with ID being the first step. To start with, risk’s recognizable proof, break the undertaking components into a risk breakdown structure that is the various leveled organizing of dangers. The risk breakdown structure is an organized and composed strategy to present the venture dangers and to take into consideration an understanding of those dangers in one or more various leveled

Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet free essay sample

Biology of Microorganisms to answer the following questions. [pic] Adapted from The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, by Islands in the Sea, 2002. Answer the following in 100 to 200 words each: 1. What does this picture represent? To what is the area around the disks proportional? This picture represents an antimicrobial agent susceptibility assay by using the disc diffusion technique. The test measures the antimicrobial activity, by determining the smallest amount of agent necessary to inhibit the growth of a specific test organism, this value is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC expresses the lowest concentration of agent that completely inhibits the growth of the test organism (Madigan, Martinko, Stahl,   Clark, 2012). The areas around the disks are the zone of inhibition, which are â€Å"proportional to the amount of antimicrobial agent added to the disc, the solubility of the agent, the diffusion coefficient, and the overall effectiveness of the agent† (Madigan, Martinko, Stahl,   Clark, 2012, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Antimicrobial Assay Worksheet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 763). 2. Which letter disk has the least potent antibiotic? Why? Which has the most? How do you know? Letter F disc has the least potent antibiotic because the zone of inhibition is not present with indicates that the antimicrobial agent is not an affective inhibitor of the test organism. Letter D disc has the greatest potent antibiotic because the agent is quite an affective inhibitor of the test organism. This agent creates a proportionally large zone of inhibition, which is greater than other test agents are. 3. Refer to Figure 26. 10 of Brock Biology of Microorganisms. What has happened in the minimum inhibitory concentration tube? Approximately, what is the bacterial concentration in that tube? In the minimum inhibitory concentration tube, the agent inhibits the growth of the test organism. This level of inhibition varies with certain factors to include the incubation conditions, culture medium, test organism, incubation time, and composition of the culture.

Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls Research Paper Example

Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls Paper Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a visible, psychological illness that is detrimental to both the physical and mental well-being of an individual (Bulik et al. , 2005). It is an eating disorder that is characterized by not only an unwillingness to gain weight, but a fear of gaining weight. Individuals suffering from anorexia are often perfectionists, who are neurotic, obsessive, and retain a low sense of self-esteem (Kaye et al. , 2008; Bulik et al. , 2005). These individuals tend to prioritize their physical image over their health, and as a result, AN has retained the highest mortality rate over any other psychiatric illness, occurring at a prevalence of 5% per decade of the entire human population (Bulik et al. , 2005). It has also been observed that the occurrence of anorexia nervosa is significantly greater in the female population when compared to the occurrence in the male population, with the average age of onset starting between 15 and 19 years old (Bulik et al. , 2005). The direct cause of AN is unknown, but through excessive amounts of scientific exploring, many researchers have concluded that anorexia is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, categorizing it as a familial disease (Kaye et al. , 2008). This positive correlation between gene-environment is often seen in offspring of parents who previously suffered from AN. They are seen as having a â€Å"double disadvantage,† as not only do they inherit the unidentified genes that increase the risk of AN, but they are exposed to an environment which increases the chances of the expression of those genes linked with anorexia (Bulik et al. 2005). This does not necessarily mean that all individuals who suffer from this eating disorder are predisposed to having AN, as the influence of environmental factors are much greater than that of genetic influence. In the study done by Peterson, Paulson Williams (2007), they examined the three most influential factors that are associated wit h the development of anorexia in adolescents: maternal influence, peer influence, and media influence. More importantly, they wanted to find out to what extent is each sociocultural influence associated with the development of eating disorders and the patterns of relation between each factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Girls specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this quantitative study, 333 adolescent girls and boys, grades 10-12, from a public high school in suburban Detroit made up the sample. Eating disorder symptoms were assessed using two tests: the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and the Eating Disorder Inventory-Second Edition (EDI-2). In this study, the bulimia category of the EDI-2 was disregarded as it overlaps with the bulimia subscale in the EAT. The influence of a sociocultural factor was evaluated using The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), which was developed by Thompson and van den Berg (2004). The SATAQ-3 was originally developed to assess the pressures of media, but researchers in this study modified it to also assess the pressures from mothers and peers, using a 5-point Likert-type scale for the adolescents to answer the questions. Results showed that on average, female adolescents had a greater desire to diet and strive for thinness than male adolescents, and their level of body dissatisfaction was larger on average as well (Peterson et al. , 2007). The maternal and media influence was not as great in boys as it was in girls, and the perceived pressures by peers was equal in both sexes, having little to no influence (Peterson et al. , 2007). Peterson, Paulson Williams (2007), concluded that maternal and media pressures in adolescent females is strong and due to these strong influences, females often lack body satisfaction, a result of low self-esteem, and strive to be more physically attractive. In order to satisfy the image expected by the environment around them, these females are then more likely to diet, and engage in anorexic behaviors. Another important factor, which plays a relevant role in the development of anorexia, is self-esteem, as lack of self-esteem seems to be one of the main reasons women strive to be thin. Using a quantitative method, Karpowicz, Skarsater and Nevonen (2009) examined the changes in self-esteem of patients treated with anorexia nervosa, before and after treatment. 38 young female patients, ages 16 to 25, being treated for anorexia at Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, were included in this study. All participants of this study had previously been diagnosed with AN according to the DSM-IV. Assessment of self-esteem was conducted before treatment and after treatment using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE-S), which is comprised of ten questions about the patient’s self-image: five negative and five positive. The EDI-2 was also used to evaluate self-esteem of the female patients, with the bulimia subscale disregarded. The outcomes of the two questionnaires showed significant improvement in a patient’s self-esteem between the pre-treatment assessment and the post-treatment assessment (Karpowicz et al. , 2009). The results concluded that an individual suffering from anorexia had very high body dissatisfaction and weight phobia before treatment- a result of low self-esteem- but after three months of intense treatment, both body dissatisfaction and weight phobia diminished, and self-esteem increased, resulting in a positive correlation between overcoming anorexia and self-esteem (Karpowicz et al. , 2009). This allowed Karpowicz et al. (2009) to summarize that low self-esteem is a very important factor in developing AN. Rothschild-Yakar et al. 2010), chose to do additional research on how relationships with parents act as a precursor of disordered eating. They also believed that lower mentalization ability was a factor that made individuals more vulnerable to anorexia nervosa (Rothschild-Yakar et al. , 2010). In this study, 34 female patients who had previously been diagnosed with AN using the DSM-IV made up the experimental group. The control comprised of 35 female high school students that h ad no history of an eating disorder, and individuals who scored below 20 in the EAT. The QRI, created by Pierce (1994), measured quality of relationships and was administered twice, once regarding maternal relationship and once regarding paternal relationship. Two subscales- drive for thinness and bulimia- from the EDI-2 was used to measure anorexia symptoms. Results demonstrated that AN patients showed a lower capacity for mentalization when compared to the control group, and they also reported to have less support and greater conflict in parental relationships (Rothschild-Yakar et al. , 2010). The data that Rothschild-Yakar et al. 2010) obtained are similar to previously researched outcomes by Peterson et al. (2007), showing that maternal and paternal relationships are important in preventing anorexia behaviors in female adolescents, especially maternal relationships, as the associations between father-child relationships have been seen as protecting females from developing eating disorder symptoms. This led them to the conclude that strong maternal pressures had a great impact on an adolescent female’s chances of developing AN (Rothschild-Yakar et al. , 2010). As summarized by Peterson et al. 2007), media influence has a strong impact on an adolescent’s perception of body image. Harrison and Hefner (2006), further investigated how early media exposure can have a significant role in young females later on in life, with relation to their body ideals. A sample of 257 second, third, and fourth grade girls took part in this study. Each girl’s perception of body ideals was measure by two pictorial scales: one of prepubescent female children, and one of sexually mature female adults. Each scale featured seven body types ranging from very thin to very fat. The children were asked to pick the body types that represented how they currently look, how they would like to look currently, and how they want to look when they are fully mature adults. Instead of using the EAT to measure disordered eating symptoms, the Children’s Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT), a modified version of the EAT (Maloney et al. , 1988), is used instead. To measure the amount of media exposure, participants were asked to report how many hours of television they watched, and a weekly television-viewing index was computed. Magazine exposure was measured the same way. The data was collected in two waves, each wave a year apart from the other. Harrison and Hefner (2006), found that, in both waves, television viewing was a stronger predictor of a girl’s future body ideal, than their current body ideal, and greater television viewing led to a thinner future body ideal. The average body ideal was very thin, ranging between the second and third body figures out of seven, indicating that girls wish to be thinner, even before they hit puberty (Harrison Hefner, 2006). There is little evidence that preadolescent girls engage in disordered eating behaviors in order to achieve a thinner body, but research evidence proves that increased media exposure does lead to a desire for a thinner body in preadolescent girls (Harrison Hefner, 2006). These results allow Harrison and Hefner (2006), to conclude that media exposure does not have an effect on the current body ideals of young girls, but instead, on their future body ideals. This pressure from the media on future body ideals may act as predictors of disordered eating in the future, when the girls are adolescents (Harrison Hefner, 2006). Contrary to the other four quantitative research strategies discussed in this paper, the study done by Nilsson et al. (2007) uses a qualitative method that focuses on why former anorexia nervosa patients believe they developed an eating disorder. The study includes women who had previously been diagnosed with AN- using the DSM-IV- during adolescence and who had gone through treatment and recovered from AN. The interviews with these women took place 8 years and 16 years after treatment. They were asked a very open ended question: â€Å"what do you think today about the reasons why you got anorexia nervosa? † in both the first and second follow-up. The results were sorted into subcategories: four concerning self-image, three regarding familial influence, and four considering sociocultural influence. The self-image subcategories included things that had to do with the individual’s perception of their image: self demands of being perfect, low-self esteem, dieting/body dissatisfaction, and development of physical or mental symptoms. Familial influences were divided into: difficulties with family interaction and communications, high demands from family members and stressful family events. Peer and bullying problems, moving and separation from friends, bad situations at school, and sports, were categories sorted in the sociocultural influences. Overall, the interviews showed that the women believed self-image had the greatest impact as to why they developed anorexia; as each woman’s own demands for perfection and lack of self-esteem is what caused them to engage in anorexic behaviors (Nilsson et al. , 2007). The second greatest factor that was believed to have the most impact on anorexia was familial influences, specifically stressful events in the family, and the lack of family interaction and communication (Nilsson et al. , 2007). The study led by Nilsson et al. , provided insight into the causes of AN, through the view of someone who suffered from the illness. In the research studies discussed, eating disorder symptoms were assessed using multiple tests. The first one is the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), a test developed by Garner and Garfinkel (1979), assessing dieting, bulimia and oral control of the individual. The second test is the Eating Disorder Inventory-Second Edition (EDI-2), a test developed by Garner and Olmsted (1984), assessing bulimia, body dissatisfaction, and drive for thinness. Both tests consist of questions that are answered using a 6-point Likert-type scale, ranging from never to always (Garner Garfinkel, 1979; Garner Olmsted, 1984). The third test used in the majority of the studies is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), developed by the American Psychiatric Association (2000), which is used to diagnose anorexia nervosa. The use of standardized tests in these five articles increases the validity of the results, as there is a consistency between the articles. Although Harrison and Hefner (2006) modified the EAT to accommodate the age of their participants, the results of the ChEAT is still just as valid as the EAT, as the ChEAT was only modified to help the younger girls better comprehend the questions (Harrison Hefner, 2006). The results of the study done by Nilsson et al. (2007), is supported by the conclusion of Peterson et al. 2007), as they both found that parental pressures and self-esteem played the greatest role the development of anorexic behaviors. The findings of Rothschild-Yakar et al. (2010) and Karpowicz et al. (2009), also support the claims found by Peterson et al. (2007), regarding a connection between parental influence and self-esteem as predictors of disordered eating, leading to anorexia. Harrison Hefner’s study (2006) is also in accordance with the analysis done by Peter son et al. (2007), as both studies concluded that pressures from the media play a large role in the development of anorexia. None of the studies mentioned previously in this paper were able to consider factors such as race, and how racial profile influences an individual’s likeliness to exhibit anorexic behaviors, as racial background has been found to be an important indicator of differences between self-esteem of young females (Thompson et al. , 1997). The next logical step in anorexia nervosa research would be doing a mixed method longitudinal study of how early media exposure, familial influences, and racial background affects a large group of preadolescent girls’ self-esteem. By investigating how those three environmental factors increase the likelihood of the girls displaying anorexic symptoms, as they become adolescents and young women, it could help with future prevention and treatment programs. Based on the future directions of anorexia nervosa research, a reasonable research question would be: How does early media exposure and different racial backgrounds affect an adolescent female’s self-esteem and their risk of developing anorexia nervosa, also taking into account whether the girl is in a traditional family setting (i. e. ne male parent married to a female parent), or a non traditional family setting (i. e. divorced parents)? The population of adolescent females is chosen not only to maintain consistency with the discussed articles in this paper, but because it has been found that females are more susceptible to the disorder when compared to males and the average age of onset for anorexia is during adolescence (Bulik et al. , 2005). Media e xposure and family influences were chosen because it has been found that both media and family are the most significant when evaluating environmental factors (Peterson et al. 2007; Rothschild-Yakar et al. , 2010). Family setting was added to observe how important family communication, interaction and events are as roles in AN development. The last factor, racial background, is added to the model because none of the above studies were able to incorporate how race influences body image into their research. Since different races each have their own unique perspectives of an ideal body type, by adding racial background, it would help researchers recognize which groups of individuals are most susceptible to the disease (Thompson et al. 1997). Measurement using self-esteem was chosen, as it was found in previous studies that females with lower self-esteems are more at risk for AN (Karpowicz et al. , 2009). Today, women are convinced that the thinner body ideal is more attractive, all the while living in a society in which obesity is not only abundant and increasing (Karpowicz et al. , 2009). By further researching the factors that influence the development of AN, it can help prevent, as well as develop better treatment for the disorder. Anorexia is something that can be prevented, and perhaps by distinguishing the population that is most susceptible to the illness, the mortality and occurrence of this disorder can be decreased significantly. References: American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. , text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Bulik, C. M. , Reba, L. , Siega-Riz, A. , Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2005). Anorexia nervosa: definition, epidemiology and cycle of risk. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37, S2-S9. Garner, D. M. , Garfinkel, P. E. (1979). The Eating Attitudes Test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 9, 273–279. Garner, D. M. , Olmsted, M. P. (1984). The Eating Disorder Inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Harrison, K. , Hefner, V. (2006). Media exposure, current and future body ideals, and disordered eating among preadolescent girls: a longitudinal panel study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 153-163. Karpowicz, E. , Skaraster, I. , Nevonen, L. (2009). Self-esteem in patients treated for anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Metal Health Nursing, 18, 318-325. Kaye W. H. , Bulik, C. M. , Plotnicov, K. , Thornton, L. , Devlin, B. , Fichter, M. M. , Treasure, J. , Kaplan, A. , Woodside, D. B. , Johnson, C. L. , Halmi, K. , Brandt, H. A. , Crawford, S. , Mitchell, J. E. , Strober, M. , Berrettini, W. , Jones, I. (2008). The genetics of anorexia nervosa collaborative study: methods and sample description. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(4), 289-300 Maloney, M. J. , McGuire, J. B. , and Daniels, S. R. (1988). Reliability testing of a children’s version of the Eating Attitudes Test. 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